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Ethical codes are adopted by organizations to assist members in understanding the difference between '
right' and '
wrong' and in applying that understanding to their decisions. An
ethical code generally implies documents at three levels:
codes of business ethics, codes of conduct for employees, codes of professional practice.
Many companies use the phrases
ethical code and
code of conduct interchangeably but it may be useful to make a distinction. A
code of ethics will start by setting out the
values that underpin the code and will describe a company's obligation to its stakeholders.
The code is publicly available and addressed to anyone with an interest in the company's activities and the way it does business. It will include details of how the company plans to implement its values and vision, as well as guidance to staff on ethical standards and how to achieve them.
However, a code of conduct is generally addressed to and intended for employees alone. It usually sets out restrictions on behavior, and will be far more compliance or
rules focused than value or principle focused.
A
code of practice is adopted by a profession or by a governmental or
non-governmental organization to regulate that profession. A
code of practice may be styled as a
code of
professional responsibility, which will
discuss difficult issues, difficult decisions that will often need to be made, and provide a clear account of
what behavior is considered "ethical" or "correct" or "right" in the circumstances.
In a membership context, failure to comply with a
code of practice can result in expulsion from the professional organization. In its 2007 International
Good Practice Guidance, Defining and Developing an
Effective Code of Conduct for Organizations, the International Federation of Accountants provided the following working definition: "
Principles,
values, standards, or
rules of
behavior that guide the decisions, procedures and systems of an organization in a way that (a) contributes to the welfare of its key stakeholders, and (b) respects the rights of all constituents affected by its operations."
Listed below are a few example statements from the professional codes of the
Public Relations Society of America (
PRSA) and the
Society of Professional Journalists (
SPJ):
PRSA Code of Ethics
“
Loyalty: We are faithful to those we represent, while honoring our obligation to serve the public interest.”
“
Fairness: We deal fairly with clients, employers, competitors, peers, vendors, the media, and the general public. We respect all opinions and support the right of free expression.”
SPJ Code of Ethics
“Minimize Harm … Balance the public’s need for information against potential harm or discomfort. Pursuit of the news is not a license for arrogance or undue intrusiveness. … Balance a suspect’s right to a fair trial with the public’s right to know. Consider the implications of identifying criminal suspects before they face legal charges. …”
“Act Independently … Avoid conflicts of interest, real or perceived. Disclose unavoidable conflicts.”
Ethical codes are often adopted by
management, not to promote a particular
moral theory, but rather because they are seen as
pragmatic necessities for
running an organization in a complex society in which
moral concepts play an important part.
They are distinct from moral codes that may apply to the culture,
education, and
religion of a whole
society. It is debated whether the
politicians should apply a code of ethics, or whether it is a profession entirely discretionary, just
subject to compliance with the law: however, recently
codes of practice have been approved in this field.
Often,
acts that violate ethical codes may also
violate a law or regulation and
can be punishable at law or by government agency remedies.
Even organizations and
communities that may be
considered criminal in nature may have ethical codes of conduct, official or unofficial. Examples could include
hacker communities, bands of
thieves, and
street gangs.
The
Jewish Written Torah and Oral Torah comprise the earliest and best preserved ethical code. Adapted to every field of actual day-to-day life for thousands of years,
Jewish Halakha is the oldest collective body of
religious laws,
laws and
jurisdictions still in use.
Codes seek to define and delineate the difference between conduct and behavior that is
malum in se, malum prohibitum, and
good practice.
Sometimes ethical codes include sections that are meant to give firm
rules, but some offer general
guidance, and sometimes
the words are merely aspirational.
In sum, a code of ethics is an attempt to
codify "good and bad behavior".
Medical workers and physicians
Code of Conduct for the International
Red Cross and
Red Crescent Movement and
NGOs in
Disaster Relief Declaration of Geneva Hippocratic Oath Percival's Medical Ethics Madrid Declaration on Ethical Standards for Psychiatric Practice Military, warfare, and other armed conflict
Bushidō (
Japanese samurai)
Code of the U.S. Fighting Force International Code of Conduct against
Ballistic Missile Proliferation ("ICOC" or "
Hague Code of Conduct")
Israel Defense Forces Code of Conduct
Pirate code
Uniform Code of Military Justice (United States)
Warrior code
Religious
Code of
Ma'at (Ancient Egypt)
Eight Precepts (
Buddhism)
Five Precepts (Buddhism)
Golden Rule / Ethic of reciprocity (various)
Noahide Law (Judaism)
Patimokkha (Buddhism)
Quran (Islam)
Rule of
St. Benedict (
Christian monasticism)
Dom Benedictine Silver Rule (various)
Ten Commandments (
Abrahamic religions)
Ten Precepts (Buddhism)
Ten Precepts (Taoism)
Yamas and niyama (
Hindu scriptures)
Applied ethics
Media ethics
Aviators Model Code of Conduct
Global civics
ICC
Cricket Code of Conduct
Institute of
Internal Auditors, Code of Ethics
Journalist's Creed Moral Code of the
Builder of Communism
- PAIB Committee (31 May 2007). Defining and Developing an Effective Code of Conduct for Organizations
. International Good Practice Guidance. The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). ISBN 978-1-931949-81-1.
- ^ "PRSA Code of Ethics". Public Relations Society of America. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
- ^ "SPJ Code of Ethics". Society of Professional Journalists. 6 September 2014.
- ^ Buonomo, Giampiero (April–September 2000). "Elementi di deontologia politica". Nuovi studi politici (in Italian): 3–66.
- ^ Assemblée Nationale (2 August 2017). "Déontologie à l'Assemblée nationale". Assemblée Nationale (in French). Retrieved 3 April 2017.
- ^ "Code of Ethics". Merriam Webster Dictionary. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- ^ "Madrid Declaration on Ethical Standards for Psychiatric Practice". World Psychiatric Association. 21 September 2011.
This book makes the case that
engineers have special professional obligations to protect and
enhance the environment, and the authors--one an engineer and the other a
philospher-- seek to provide an
ethical basis for these obligations. In exploring these
ethical issues, the authors aim to show that engineers make a difference. The text opens with a series of case studies in which engineers face complex and challenging decisions about the environment. Succeeding chapters examine different ideas about environmental ethics for engineers, including professional codes and both modern and historical discussions of environmental responsibility. The book concludes with a collection of readings that complement the text. Students, as well as practicing engineers, will find much of interest in this well-argued and thought-provoking book.
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